When All Seems Lost? — Rethinking the Optimal Treatment Sequence for Comprehensive Management of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
With the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has gradually entered the “immunotherapy era.” Targeted therapy plus immunotherapy (IO+TKI) combinations are now recommended by major guidelines and have become part of the first-line treatment landscape for advanced RCC. Although head-to-head trials have unequivocally demonstrated the superiority of first-line IO+TKI combinations over TKI monotherapy, “superior” in the first line does not necessarily mean “optimal” across the entire treatment journey.









