
In recent years, HER2-targeted antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), including disitamab vedotin, have demonstrated significant clinical value in the treatment of urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, HER2 expression in UC exhibits spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS), in particular, is characterized by its occult presentation, high malignancy, and substantial risk of progression to invasive carcinoma. A standardized HER2 testing workflow for CIS is currently lacking, highlighting the need for further investigation. To address this challenge, a research team led by Professor Dawei Tian and Professor Jianing Guo of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University conducted a clinical study whose findings were selected for presentation at the annual congress of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) [1], providing new evidence in this field. Oncology Frontier – UroStream invited both professors to discuss the clinical value of HER2, the characteristics of HER2 expression in CIS, the potential of disitamab vedotin in UC, and the implications of their findings for HER2 testing and clinical management.