In recent years, the treatment landscape for urothelial carcinoma (UC) has entered the era of precision medicine, with emerging therapeutic strategies offering new hope for patients. At the recent China Clinical Oncology Annual Advances Symposium (BOC) and Best of CSCO 2026 China, experts highlighted China's most significant original oncology achievements of the year and reviewed major advances in precision oncology across multiple tumor types, including genitourinary cancers, further advancing standardized cancer care in China.

As the prevalence of kidney stones continues to rise and complex stone disease becomes increasingly common, there is growing demand for minimally invasive, effective, and safe treatment strategies. Flexible ureteroscopy has become a cornerstone of upper urinary tract stone management; however, its role in treating large stone burdens, infection-related stones, and anatomically complex cases remains a subject of debate. Meanwhile, advances such as laser lithotripsy, single-use ureteroscopes, and suction-assisted access sheaths continue to expand treatment possibilities. Balancing maximal stone clearance with minimal complications remains one of the key challenges in modern endourology.