Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis infection, which still occurs sporadically in some areas of China. Anthrax can manifest in various clinical forms, with pulmonary anthrax having a mortality rate of over 80% and requiring management as a Class A infectious disease. In order to further standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of anthrax, the National Health Commission issued the "Anthrax Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (2023 Edition)." At the recent Fourth National Congress of the Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases (BISC 2024), Professor Junyan Qu, the secretary-general of the conference and from the Infectious Diseases Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, interpreted the diagnosis and treatment plan based on case studies. The summary is presented below.

With the escalating issue of antimicrobial resistance globally, newly emerged resistant strains pose a serious threat to public health. At the 34th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID Global 2024), a study by Professor Ning Shen 's team from Peking University Third Hospital (Abstract No.: E0451) focused on the resistance issues of cefiderocol, a drug not yet marketed in China. The study discovered that cefiderocol can induce resistance in vitro and amplify the blaSHV-12 gene. Long-read sequencing technology demonstrated its potential in the rapid and accurate detection of resistance gene amplification, offering a new tool for future resistance research.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) refers to all mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. NTM most commonly affect the lungs, causing NTM pulmonary disease (NTM-PD), which can even lead to disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. In recent years, with changes in the environment, updates in detection technology, and increased awareness among physicians, the incidence of NTM-PD has been steadily increasing, with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease being the most common worldwide. At the recent Fourth National Conference of the Chinese Medical Association on Bacterial and Fungal Infections (BISC 2024), Professor Hongfei Duan from the Department of Tuberculosis, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, delivered a fascinating presentation titled "Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease," elucidating and analyzing the current status, challenges, and progress in the diagnosis and treatment of MAC pulmonary disease.

Patients with hematological disorders are often immunocompromised due to their primary disease or treatment, making them susceptible to infections. These infections often present atypically and can be caused by a wide variety of pathogens. Traditional diagnostic methods have low positivity rates and are time-consuming. Pathogen diagnosis is crucial for optimizing anti-infection treatment and improving patient outcomes. Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) is a high-throughput, broad-coverage diagnostic technique that has been widely applied in clinical infection settings. In diagnosing infections in hematological patients, mNGS offers high positivity rates, minimal interference from antimicrobial drugs, and broad pathogen coverage. To standardize the application of mNGS in hematological patients and optimize report interpretation, the Infectious Diseases Group of the Chinese Society of Hematology has invited experts in the field to develop a consensus.