Professor Thomas Powles: How Will ADC–Immunotherapy Combinations and ctDNA Reshape Perioperative Treatment in Bladder Cancer?
The combination of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is rapidly transforming the clinical management of urothelial carcinoma. Meanwhile, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is emerging as a highly promising biomarker, offering critical support for precision medicine and bladder-preserving treatment strategies.









