In today’s rapidly evolving biomedical landscape, cell therapy has emerged as a major breakthrough direction and a focal point of global scientific inquiry. Against this backdrop, during the 2025 International Cell and Immunotherapy Congress (CTI 2025), Professor Shanshan Pei of Liangzhu Laboratory and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine engaged in a scholarly dialogue with Dr. João Monteiro, Editor-in-Chief of Nature Medicine.